Testicular self-examination (TSE)
Male reproductive organs
Risk of testicular cancer
Testicular cancer is one of the most curable forms of cancer when detected early and treated promptly. Males who may be at risk of testicular cancer include:
- those with uncorrected, undescended testicles as an infant or young child;
- those with a family history of testicular cancer;
- those with an identical twin with testicular cancer; and
- those with rare congenital problems such as Klinefelter’s syndrome.
The jury is still out on whether men whose mothers took a hormone called DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage have an increased risk of testicular cancer.
Testicular self-examination
The Cancer Council Australia says that it is sensible for men from puberty onwards to become familiar with the usual level of lumpiness of their testicles and to see their doctor if they notice a change. Men with a family history of testicular cancer (father or brother) or a personal history of absent or undescended testicles in particular should regularly check for lumps or swellings on the surface of the testicles.
The testicles or testes are located beneath the penis and contained within the scrotum. They should be about equal size and feel smooth, rubbery and egg-shaped. The left testicle occasionally hangs lower than the right.
Self-examination of the testes is best done when the scrotum is relaxed, after a warm bath or shower. This will also allow the testicles to drop down completely.
How to do TSE
- Examine each testicle gently with both hands. The index and middle fingers are placed below the testicle, while the thumbs are placed on top. With a gentle motion, roll the testicle between the thumbs and fingers.
- The epididymis is a cord-like structure that runs along the top and back of the testicle and stores and transports sperm. Do not confuse the epididymis with an abnormal lump.
- Feel for any abnormal lumps (generally about the size of a pea), on the front or the side of the testicle. These lumps are generally painless.
What to do if you find a lump
If you find a lump or any other abnormality you should contact your doctor immediately. The lump may be due to an infection, cyst or other non-cancerous swelling, and your doctor will be able to decide on the appropriate treatment.
Don't worry: the great majority of lumps detected by TSE are not cancer. For the rare ones that are, testicular cancer is highly curable, especially when detected and treated early. Testicular cancer generally occurs in only one testicle, and the other testicle is all that is needed for full sexual function and fertility.
Last Reviewed: 28 November 2008
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